How Has MITRE ATT&CK Improved, Adapted, and Evolved?
The MITRE ATT&CK has evolved, which shows the organization's dedication to constantly improving and adapting its threat intelligence to help security teams counter cyberattacks. The fact that the ATT&CK Matrix is increasingly used as a knowledge base for cybersecurity and as a go-to resource to identify attackers and tactics speaks volumes about its value in enhancing an organization's security posture.
ATT&CK stands for Adversarial Tactics, Techniques, and Common Knowledge, encapsulating its role as a tool for understanding and combating cyberthreats. The framework's nomenclature highlights its commitment to offering in-depth, actionable intelligence in cybersecurity.
A comprehensive cybersecurity framework, MITRE ATT&CK has continuously evolved and adapted to match the pace of cyberthreat groups, providing effective threat detection and countermeasures. MITRE ATT&CK delivers real-world information about cyber adversaries' changing tactics, techniques, and shared knowledge (information about the procedures) to enable fast and effective defenses.
What Are the Three Main Components of MITRE ATT&CK Framework?
The ATT&CK framework is composed of three interconnected elements: tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs). It has several ATT&CK Matrices, each addressing distinct environments. These include the Enterprise, Mobile, Cloud, and Industrial Control Systems (ICS) Matrix. The MITRE matrices offer security teams thorough insight into the cyberthreats and TTPs employed by threat actors sorted by vulnerability.
In each matrix, columns symbolize tactics, rows indicate techniques, and cells provide supplementary details, such as procedures, groups, software, and associated mitigations for each of the specific techniques.
Regularly updated to keep pace with the ever-changing, real-world cyberthreat landscape, the MITRE framework is a critical asset for cybersecurity professionals. It bolsters their threat intelligence, detection, and response capabilities.
The MITRE ATT&CK framework pivots around three principal components that are up to date to support several use cases, including adversary behavior insights and incident response.
Tactics
Tactics encapsulate the strategic targets that potential cyberthreats aspire to accomplish, including gaining initial access, execution, persistent engagement, privilege escalation, evasion of defense, credential access, discovery, lateral movement, data collection, exfiltration, privilege escalation, and establishing command and control.
Techniques
Techniques detail the distinctive methods threat actors employ to achieve their tactical objectives. Every technique offers an in-depth understanding of how an adversary will endeavor to accomplish a specific tactic.
As an example, under the Reconnaissance tactic, several techniques included in the matrix are Active Scanning (e.g., in preparation for initial access, subtechnique—Scanning IP Blocks), Gather Victim Identity Information (e.g., for spear phishing, subtechnique—Email Addresses), and Phishing for Information (e.g., credential phishing, subtechnique—Spear phishing Link).
Procedures
Procedures denote the actions or steps the adversary employs while executing a technique to achieve their tactical aims. Procedures vary between threat actors, demonstrating the tools, commands, and malware (e.g., ransomware) they employ.
History of the MITRE ATT&CK Framework
Community-driven from the outset, the MITRE ATT&CK was initially launched as a wiki with the MITRE’s Fort Meade Experiment (FMX). For this experiment, cybersecurity researchers emulated both adversary (Red Team) and defender (Blue Team) behavior to understand how to better protect against cyberthreats. This experiment helped shape the framework and its focus on real-world observations, including adversary detection.
The first version included nine tactics that reflected the various phases of an adversary’s cyberattack lifecycle. Over time, the framework has evolved and expanded, becoming a globally accessible knowledge base of adversary tactics and new cyberattack techniques.
The MITRE ATT&CK framework has provided a common language to bridge gaps between security teams and other cyber stakeholders.
A Brief Timeline of the MITRE ATT&CK
- 2013: MITRE ATT&CK: The cybersecurity framework provided common tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) that advanced persistent threats used against Windows enterprise networks.
- 2015: ATT&CK for Enterprise: The first version of the ATT&CK Enterprise matrix was released. It provided a structured and organized way to understand the adversarial tactics and techniques used to target enterprise environments.
- 2017: MITRE PRE-ATT&CK: The MITRE PRE-ATT&CK framework addresses community concerns about what cyber adversaries do before the adversary achieves access. It details the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) adversaries use to select a target, obtain information, and launch a campaign.
- 2017: MITRE ATT&CK for Mobile Matrix: The MITRE Mobile Matrix is designed to cover techniques involving device access and network-based effects that can be used by an adversary without device access. Since then, it has been updated several times to reflect the evolving TTPs used to detect cyber adversaries attempting to compromise iOS and Android mobile devices.
- 2019: MITRE ATT&CK Matrix for Cloud Matrix; With the MITRE Cloud Matrix, security teams gained access to provide an organized and comprehensive understanding of various TTPs that threat actors employ to target cloud environments. The Matrix contains Azure Active Directory, Office 365, Google Workspace, SaaS, and IaaS information.
- 2019: MITRE ATT&CK Subtechniques: The Beta version of MITRE ATT&CK with subtechniques was made publicly available. Subtechniques provide a more granular level of detail, allowing for a more nuanced understanding of how adversaries operate by breaking down techniques into specific variants or methods.
- 2019: MITRE Engenuity ATT&CK Evaluations: MITRE Engenuity ATT&CK Evaluations provided structured processes and a framework for assessing the effectiveness of cybersecurity security products and solutions in detecting and mitigating adversary tactics and techniques in the real world. Using the ATT&CK Evaluations, vendors were able to demonstrate the capabilities of their security products against specific threat scenarios.
- 2021: MITRE Adds macOS and More Data Types: Responding to community input, MITRE added support for threat information affecting Apple’s macOS and containers. It also allowed for more data sources and relationships.
The MITRE ATT&CK framework continues to evolve to address the changing nature of cyberthreats. Regular updates, new matrices, and additional features are introduced to enhance the framework’s relevance and utility for the cybersecurity community.
MITRE ATT&CK and Cloud Security
Expanding the MITRE ATT&CK framework to include cloud security is a crucial adaptation to the shifting cybersecurity landscape. This evolution demonstrates MITRE ATT&CK's capacity to stay relevant and effective in the face of emerging technologies and threats.
The Role of MITRE ATT&CK in Cloud Security
MITRE ATT&CK has incorporated cloud-specific matrices, which outline tactics and techniques that attackers leverage against cloud services. This addition is vital in helping organizations identify and defend against threats unique to cloud infrastructures, such as API exploitation, cloud service misconfigurations, and cross-tenant attacks.
The framework's cloud adaptation empowers cybersecurity experts to tailor their defense mechanisms to the intricacies of cloud environments, providing a more robust and targeted security approach.
Challenges and Future of MITRE ATT&CK
As the digital landscape evolves, so do the challenges frameworks like MITRE ATT&CK face. These challenges are critical in shaping the framework's continued development and effectiveness.
Current Challenges
Keeping pace with threat actors' fast-evolving and sophisticated tactics remains a significant challenge. The framework must continuously be updated to reflect new techniques and countermeasures.
Another challenge lies in maintaining its global applicability, ensuring it remains relevant across various industries and IT environments. The growing complexity of hybrid environments, combining on-premises, cloud, and mobile infrastructures, further complicates this task.
